Thursday 27 June 2019

Basic Concept of Transportation Planning (1)



 Transport is the life of a city and choices on public transit options are fundamental decisions about a city’s future growth and development. An efficient transportation system increases accessibility and improves quality of life. The main mode of public transport in the country is the bus. The transport sector in Dhaka is composed of many different modes of travel - both motorized and non-motorized.  These diverse modes often use the same road space, resulting in a high level of operational disorder. The deteriorating traffic conditions of the country are causing increasing delays and worsening air pollution.  This situation compromises the ability of the transport sector to serve and sustain economic growth and provide an acceptable quality of life. Much needs to be done to serve existing transport needs better, much more will be required to serve the transport needs of a rapidly expanding population in the coming decades.  The challenge is to establish an overall framework for a multi-modal transport system that effectively serves current and future land uses.  The first full legal document for the transport sector is the Strategic Transport plan(STP). Urban transport Planning is defined in the following way:


Why do people travel?
         People do not normally travel or move their possessions for the sake of movement but in order to accomplish something else, for example, to go to school, to work, to shop, or to visit with friends. By the same token, workers do not place themselves in the middle of the morning and evening rush hours because they enjoy traffic congestion but because their work schedules require it.
         Therefore, transportation is a derived demand. The concerns of the transportation experts are the accommodation of social activities to satisfy the people’s need for mobility.
1.0 Traffic Engineering
The Institute of Traffic Engineers defines traffic Engineering as “that phase of engineering which deals with planning, geometric design and traffic operations of roads and streets and highways, their networks, terminals, abutting lands, relationships  with other modes of transportation for achievement of safe, efficient and convenient movement of persons and goods.” (Ref. 1)
The definition contained in the Glossary on Traffic Engineering Terms of the PIARC (Ref. 2) is:
“That phase of engineering which deals with the planning and geometric design of streets, highways and abutting lands, and with traffic operation thereon, as their use is related to the safe, convenient and economical transportation of persons and goods.”
2.0 Why it is necessary for Urban Planning?
Traffic Engineering is a comparatively new branch of engineering and has grown with the increase in traffic in recent years. As vehicular traffic began to increase, the congestion on streets began to hamper the safe and efficient movement of traffic. More and more accidents were caused, and serious problems of parking and environmental pollution began to felt. It was, therefore, necessary to give increasing attention to the operational characteristics of highway transportation and study the need for better geometric design, capacity, intersections, traffic regulation, signals, traffic signs, and roadway markings, parking facilities, design of bus stands, truck terminals, and street lighting.
3.0 Theoretical Discussion
3.1 The function of Traffic Engineering
3.1.1 Collection and Analysis of Factual Data
One of the principal objectives of the traffic engineer is to replace opinions with facts in various traffic situations. The work of every traffic engineer will entail a substantial effort in the collection and analysis of traffic facts.
The simpler types of surveys include those having to do with traffic volumes (vehicular and pedestrian), speeds, and accidents.
Physical and economic data are acquired by the traffic engineer to measure existing conditions and to provide a basis for estimating future characteristics and needs.
3.1.2 Traffic Regulation
The traffic engineer is the logical person to supervise the application of many traffic regulations, such as one-way streets, curb-parking controls, pedestrian controls, turning restrictions, through streets and regulation of mass transportation.
In dealing with traffic regulations, the traffic engineer must consider the close relationship of the controls to enforcement and must work closely with police in planning and applying most regulations.
3.1.3 Control Devices
There is general agreement that the traffic engineer should have primary supervision over the application of signs, signals, markings and traffic control islands. Many public officials also agree that the traffic engineer should have close supervision and control over street and highway lighting because of the close relationship of lighting to safety.
3.1.4 Traffic Design
The traffic engineer is primarily concerned with the operational qualities of roadway design.
Experiences have shown that there is much that the traffic engineer can contribute from his studies and knowledge of traffic characteristics and future traffic needs that will be helpful in the work of design departments, and also in administrative decisions relative to the reconstruction and new construction of public ways.
3.1.5 Cooperative Activities
Because traffic engineering is so broad in its interests and applications, the traffic engineer must participate in many cooperative activities. The needs of traffic engineer must be evaluated in terms of the needs of other traffic agencies.
3.1.6 Administrative Functions
In addition to basic functions of business management and personnel relations the traffic engineer must undertake in the operation of his own department, there are numerous ways in which he or she can assist in key administrative decisions.
3.1.7 Other Functions
Traffic engineers and traffic engineering bureaus engage in other activities than those already enumerated. Almost all have a direct interest in traffic laws and ordinances.
Some traffic engineering departments are given the responsibility of issuing various types of permits; for example, controlling the movement of overloaded and oversized vehicles on the public ways, road openings, and access controls.
Definition of Transportation System:
A transportation system may be defined as consisting of the fixed facilities, the flow entities and the control system that permit people and goods to overcome the friction of geographical space efficiently in order to participate in a timely manner in some desired activity.

Functional Components of a Transportation Systems:
·        Fixed facilities: Fixed facilities are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitute a network of links (e.g., roadway segments, railway tracks, tunnels) and nodes (e.g., intersections, interchanges, transit terminals, harbors, airports) of the transportation system. The development of fixed facilities needs capital investment.
·        Flow entities: Flow entities are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. They include vehicles, container units, railroad cars, etc. In highway design, fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large tractor-trailer combinations. The operating cost of the transportation mode depends on the flow entities.
·        Control Systems:
Ø  The the control system consists of vehicular control and flow control.
Ø  Vehicular control refers to the technology in which individual vehicles are guided on the fixed facilities.
Ø  Such control can be manual or automated. The control system determines the efficiency of the system.
Ø  The the flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes signing, marking, and signal systems.
  Usually a transportation system is formed with the combination of two or more modes. The efficiency of a transportation system of a region is judged on the basis of the following criteria:
·        1. Safety
·        2. Adequacy
·        3. Comfort 
·        4. Per head Cost
·        5. Fuel Efficiency

Major Transportation Subsystems
Four major subsystem
Land Transportation
·        Highway
·        rail
Air Transportation
·        Domestic
·        International
water Transportation
·        Inland
·        coastal
·        Ocean
Continuous transportation
·        Pipeline-Oil, gas and other
·        Ropeway

Impacts of transportation
         Land development
        Change in land value
        Inappropriate land development
         Pollution
        Air quality
        Noise pollution
         Social impact
         Transportation and land use

Monday 11 April 2016

ফ্লাইওভার কেন অকার্যকর

মেহেদী হক

নগর পরিকল্পনাবিদ

সেই কবে থেকে বার বার করে (সহজ ও কঠিন দুই ভাষাতেই) লিখে ও বলে যাচ্ছি আমাদের শহর সভ্যতার ধরন এ ফ্লাইওভার কোন সমস্যার সমাধান না। এবং আমাদের ট্রিপ জেনারেশন (মানে আপনি আমি যেভাবে এক জায়গা থেকে আরেক জায়গায় যাই) এর গঠন পশ্চিমাদের মত না। আমাদের ট্রিপ হয় ছোট ছোট। তাই ছোট ট্রিপ এর যানবাহন লম্বা ফ্লাইওভার এ উঠবে না, NMT (Non-Motorized Transport) যেমন রিক্সা, সাইকেল, ঠেলাগাড়ি, পথচারী এরা গ্রাভিটি ঠেলে অত উপরে উঠবে না, এদের ক্ষেত্রে অবশ্য  ওঠার অনুমতিও নেই। তবে ফ্লাইওভার কেন করা হচ্ছে? জনগনের করের লক্ষ কোটি টাকা বা বিদেশীদের অনুদানের মোড়কে জড়ানো অদ্ভূত শর্তের ঋণ নিয়ে কেন এই তূঘলকী কাজ? 

বিস্তারিত পড়তে ক্লিক করুন

Saturday 21 February 2015

Review on Private Residential Land Development Rule, 2004



Private Residential Land Development Rule (PRLDR) of 2004 came into effect with a gazette notification issued on March 1, 2004. This is a legal instrument for controlling land development in private sector housing in Bangladesh. It provides procedures and guidelines for land development protecting the environment.
Private Residential Land Development Rule 2004 is applicable for those areas which are included in Masterplan according to The Town Improvement Act,

Thursday 24 July 2014

Concept of Green City


Dept of Urban and Regional planning
Jahangirnagar University, Savar Dhaka

What is Green City?

Green City concept refers to an approach that aims to make the city, understood as a place to live, a place to live better, where plants, landscaping and nature in the city ensure benefits for citizens in terms of quality of life,

Concept of Smart City

Dept of Urban and Regional planning
Jahangirnagar University, Savar Dhaka.

Definition and Background of Smart City

Urban performance currently depends not only on the city's endowment of hard infrastructure but also, and increasingly so, on the availability and quality of knowledge communication and soft/social infrastructure. The recent form of capital is decisive for urban competitiveness. The concept of the smart city

Wednesday 23 July 2014

Typology of Transportation Surveys


Fatima Kabir Sharna


Transportation is considered as an essential part of human life and backbone of national, regional and local economy. Transportation sector plays a crucial role in boosting up the life styles of common men by providing facilities and accessibilities as required to them.

Monday 21 July 2014

Leisure and Recreation: Supply & Demand

Noshih Bin Amzad Asif
Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning 
Jahangirnagar University.


Introduction:

Leisure and Recreation are important part in the field of Urban Planning. Leisure is the time available to the individuals when the disciplines of works, sleep and other basic needs have been made. Recreation is any pursuit engaged upon during leisure time, other than pursuits to when people are normally committed.

Sunday 20 July 2014

Intelligent Transportation System

Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 

What is an Intelligent Transportation System?

An Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) improves transportation safety and mobility and enhances productivity through the use of advanced communications technologies. It encompasses a broad range of wireless and wire line communications-based information and electronics technologies. When integrated into the transportation system's infrastructure, and in vehicles themselves, these technologies relieve congestion, improve safety and enhance productivity. The system is made up of 16 types of technology based systems. These systems are divided into intelligent infrastructure systems and intelligent vehicle systems.

Saturday 19 July 2014

Concept of Slum

Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka

The slum dwellers live in measurable and sub-human condition. They can easily indentify from other residents by the physical structure of their dwellings, which are found to be congested, unhygienic and inhabitable. Respiratory diseases are common among the slum dwellers. If look of the characteristics of the slum we find miserable condition and a degraded environment. The people are poor and hence the poverty of inhabitants is a universal characteristic of slums.

Rural-Urban Fringe

Department of Urban and Regional Planning
Jahangirnagar University


Concept: The concept of rural-urban fringe has been developed by Von Thunen. Then in the year 1925 Jonasson revealed that the suburban area fulfills the needs of the town. In 1928, MacKangie first of all expressed rural-urban fringe in “The New Exploration” that the town recklessly uses the surrounding area.

Definition of Urban Area

Dept of Urban and Regional Planning
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 
Urban areas are not easy to define. We cannot assume that one particular area is rural and another is urban, as individuals have their own definitions. For example, a row of shops in a rural village may be considered to be urban to local farmers. Whereas others may see an urban area as a place with many mixed-use buildings and with a high population density.

Structural and Non-structural measures for Flood Management

Dept of Urban and Regional Planning
Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 

Introduction
Bangladesh, due to its unique geographical location and topography, is one of the most flood-prone countries in the world. It is affected by flash floods, rain-fed and river floods, and floods due to cyclonic storm surges (Chowdhury, 1987). Approximately 20-25% of Bangladesh’s territory is inundated during the monsoon season. Such flooding provides fertile agricultural land

Monday 14 July 2014

URBAN EXPANSION

Rahat Al Faysal
Email :rahatal_faysal@yahoo.com
The term Urban Expansion, Urban Intensification, Conurbation and Urban Gentrification are related one another. Expansion and Intensification occurs for the development of the Conurbation or Urban areas and Gentrification is used to displacement of the lower income people by the middle-class or affluent people within a Conurbation or Urban areas.

Sunday 15 June 2014

Mughal architecture in Bangladesh

Hedayet Islam ShakilDept of Urban and Regional PlanningJahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka 
Bangladeshi architectural characteristics
The architecture of Bangladesh is a confluence of many architectural styles.The architectural characteristics can be sub divided into four main parts this are

Locational Analysis of Storm Surge In Bangladesh

Md. Ashaduzzaman
Dept. of Urban and Regional Planning
Introduction:
Bangladesh currently ranks as one of the world’s foremost disaster prone country. The situation is aggravated, all the more by its being the most densely populated country in the world (Choudhury, 2007). Every year, natural calamities upset people's lives in some parts of the country.

Tuesday 10 June 2014

Compilation of Housing and Real Estate Act in Bangladesh

Hedayet Islam Shakil
Depurtment of Urban and Regional planning
Jahangirnagar university, Savar, Dhaka.


HOUSING POLICIES IN BANGLADESH
1971 to date: During Bangladesh period there was no basic change in the government’s housing previous housing policies. The demand on land in the busy city led the government to formulate regulation construction of high-rise apartments.

Sunday 8 June 2014

Fire Hazard, Its Consequences and Possible Preventions

Hedayet Islam Shakil
Dept of Urban and Regional Planning
Jahangirnagar University


INTRODUCTION:

From the inception of human civilization, the role of fire is very significant and still in the modernized living its importance has not been reduced. As a source of energy, fire has various uses in our everyday living. Fire, if not manageable, can be disastrous for human settlements. Urban settlements of the world are more vulnerable to fire hazard due to the involvement of huge population in economic activities, industrial and other activities.